SCH1143D 1 Assignment

SCH1143D 1 Assignment SCH1143D Systems Physiology - Clinical Case Study - This assignment will demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of the acid-base balance, the bicarbonate buffer system, metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, and how this knowledge can be applied in clinical situations. To prepare for this assignment, please read the following in your textbook: • Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Pay particular attention to the following sections: • Acid-Base Balance • Chemical Buffer Systems • Respiratory Regulation of H+ • Renal Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance • Abnormalities of Acid-Base Balance Metabolic Acidosis pH denotes the hydrogen ion concentration [H+], in a solution (such as body fluids). The pH of a body’s fluid is also referred to as its acid-base balance. The pH of body fluids is very tightly regulated. Blood and tissue fluids normally have a pH between 7.35 and 7.45. Under pathological conditions, blood pH as low as 6.9 or as high as 7.8 has been recorded, but a higher or lower pH cannot sustain human life. The human body normally produces a large amount of H+ as the result of metabolic processes, ingested acids, and the products of fat, sugar, and amino acid metabolism. The regulation of a relatively constant internal pH is one of the major physiological functions of the body’s organ systems. To maintain pH homeostasis, the body utilises both chemical and physiological buffering systems. Chemical buffers are composed of a mixture of weak acids and weak bases. They help regulate the body’s pH levels by binding H+ and removing it from solution as its concentration begins to rise or by releasing H+ into solution as its concentration begins to fall. The body’s two major physiological buffering systems are the renal system and the respiratory system. In this exercise, you will focus on compensation of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. To identify the physiological effect metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, a simple experiment was devised (Figure 1) using: • Simulated heart pump • Simulated lung chamber • Oscilloscope - used to observe timing of breathing volume SCH1143D 2 Assignment Figure 1: Experimental Set-Up for Testing the Effect of Metabolic Acidosis (Zao, P., Stabler, T., Smith, L., Lokuta, A., and Griff, E. (2013). PhysioEx9.1: Laboratory Simulations in Physiology. San Francisco: Pearson.) The experiment is repeated with a body cell metabolic rate of: • 50 (kcal/hr) - normal • 60 (kcal/hr) • 80 (kcal/hr) • 40 (kcal/hr) • 20 (kcal/hr) These data are presented below. SCH1143D 3 Assignment Experimental Data Figure 2: Metabolic Rate (50 kcal/hr) Figure 3: Metabolic Rate (60 kcal/hr) Figure 4: Metabolic Rate (80 kcal/hr) Figure 5: Metabolic Rate (40 kcal/hr) Figure 6: Metabolic Rate (20 kcal/hr) (Zao, P., Stabler, T., Smith, L., Lokuta, A., and Griff, E. (2013). PhysioEx9.1: Laboratory Simulations in Physiology. San Francisco: Pearson.) Table 1: Data Recorded for Metabolic Rate, Respiration, and Acid-Base Balance SCH1143D 4 Assignment Assignment Requirements Descriptive Title This should be a statement relating to what the assignment is about Introductory Paragraph This should provide background information on metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and alkalosis, and renal and respiratory compensation. References are required. Results Interpretation This should explain the effect of increased metabolic rate on respiration and the subsequent effect on acid-base balance. You must refer to Figures 2-6 and Table 1 to guide your explanation using specific data points as evidence for your discussion (copy and paste these figures into your assignment if you wish). References are not required. Questions References are required. 1. List and describe two possible causes of metabolic acidosis. 2. List and describe two possible causes of metabolic alkalosis. 3. Which values increased with increasing metabolism? 4. Describe what happened to the blood pH when the metabolic rate was increased to 80 kcal/hr. What body system was compensating? 5. Describe what happened to the blood pH when the metabolic rate was decreased to 20 kcal/hr. What body system was compensating? 6. Describe what happened to the breathing when metabolism was increased. Why? Conclusion This should provide an overall summary outlining the clinical considerations associated with metabolic acidosis. References are required. References • A minimum of five references should be provided • These need to be in APA format (in-text and end-text) • Do not reference Wikipedia (only .gov, .edu, .org websites are acceptable) SCH1143D 5 Assignment Submission Information Due Date Week 10, Friday, 4pm Marks 40 Weighting 10% of the total unit mark Marks Allocation Check the rubric before you submit to ensure you have covered all required aspects Turnitin Follow Turnitin Link in Moodle under Week 10 (Multiple submissions are allowed up until the due date) Plagiarism Originality report must be below 20% or up to 4 marks will be lost (1 mark per 10%) Submission PIBT Assignment Cover Sheet required (Cover page and contents page not required) Formatting 11 or 12 size font; double spaced; Word document Word Count Five pages (Not including references and cover sheet) Late assignments will incur a penalty of 5% per day (refer to Unit Outline) Plagiarism and Collusion will not be tolerated, and will result in a grade of 0 SCH1143D 6 Assignment Metabolic Acidosis Assignment Rubric Incomplete Below Average Average Above Average Excellent Title (2 Marks) • A short statement • Explains assignment Not provided Commenced; incomplete Provided; lacking in information and/or detail Provided; lacking some descriptive aspects Clearly and fully described Introductory Paragraph (4 Marks) • Metabolic acidosis/alkalosis • Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis • Renal/respiratory compensation • References provided Not provided Some information present; limited description; significant errors Relevant information presented; some information lacking; relatively error-free Information presented; lacking minor aspects of description Full and correct explanation using references to support statements Results Interpretation (6 Marks) • Metabolic rate Vs Respiration Vs Acidbase balance • References to data Not provided Explanation does not include molecular/cellular mechanisms; significant misconceptions; lack of supporting data Explanation present without major misconceptions; may be incomplete; lack of supporting data Good explanations; may lack some details or depth; some supporting data Full and correct explanation using provided data to support statements Questions (12 Marks) • Questions 1-6 addressed and answered • References provided Not provided Lack explanation or show basic misunderstanding Lacking in detail or explanation Lacking in minor detail or explanation Full and correct answers to each question provided Conclusion (4 Marks) • Metabolic acidosis • Clinical considerations • References provided Not provided Lack explanation or show basic misunderstanding Lacking in detail or explanation Lacking in minor detail or explanation Clearly, fully, and correctly described References (6 Marks) • Five references • Correct APA format • Appropriate websites Not provided Less than five references used; many formatting errors in-text and end-text Less than five references used; formatting errors intext and end-text Less than five references provided; some formatting errors in-text and end-text Full reference information presented in-text and endtext Language (6 Marks) • Well presented • Logical flow • Sentence structure • Word use Structure lacking; illogical order; poor sentence structure; spelling errors Significantly lacking in structure; sentence structure/spelling in adequate Clearly presented with good flow, sentence structure/spelling; some use of terminology Clearly presented with good flow, sentence structure/spelling; better use of terminology Clearly presented with good flow; excellent sentence structure/spelling; sound use of terminology