Statistics

For your Final Project submission, you have the opportunity to share the significance of your results in the practice of public health. With your health issue and data in mind, integrate instructor and peer feedback you have received throughout the course The Assignment: (7–10 pages) •Section I: Introduction (3 pages) ◦Brief description of your identified public health topic ◦Summary of other studies that directly relate to your identified topic ◦Statement of the Problem/Research question ◦Written statements for both your null and alternative/research hypothesis ◦Brief description of the significance of why this issue is important for examination •Section II: Methodology (1page) ◦Brief description of the study sample ◦Description of the data gathering methods for your variables of interest ◦Explanation of the types of statistical analyses you conducted and why •Section III: Results (2–4 pages) ◦Description of the steps you took to conduct your statistical analyses ◦Summary of your statistical findings ◾Narrative description ◾Tables and graphs (Be careful--too many tables and graphs decreases clarity) •Section IV: Conclusions and Discussion (1–2 pages) ◦Explanation of your major results (Be sure to answer your research question.) ◦If appropriate, report on statistical significance (or not) of your results; including any relationship between your variables of interest, if any. Be specific and provide examples. ◦Social change implications of your results for the population that was sampled from ◦Suggestions for future research •Appendices ◦SPSS Codebook ◦Syntax Code (step-by-step instructions of how to run the different analyses) •References Include 4–6 peer-reviewed resources. Be sure to follow APA format. Total cholesterol and Weight; Exploring Gender Differences in Louisa and Buckingham. A body total cholesterol subset will be chosen for this inquiry. Body measurements of weight, height and mass from 403 participants were taken and total Cholesterol levels taken from blood samples of participants in Louisa and Buckingham. The data set will be used to test the relationship between Weight (Kg) of an individual and total cholesterol level. In this data set total cholesterol will be treated as a dependent variable meanwhile weight will be an independent variable. Total cholesterol has been reported to be associated with weight among both children and adults with low exercise. It is one of key risk factors of Coronary Heart Diseases among physical inactivity, smoking and diabetes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 global status report, CHDs were contributing to the most deaths globally. It reported that 17.3 million people died as a results of the risk factors associated with CVDs, high cholesterol levels included. Total cholesterol also referred to as blood cholesterol are fatty substances in the blood that forms up in the artery walls of a living individual. High cholesterol levels in the bloods boosts up the chances of suffering a heart disease of a CVD. Three main factors have been reported to be associated with high cholesterol in an adult life i.e. 19 years and above. This include physical inactivity, poor diets and being overweight. Being overweight is believed to increase a body’s cholesterol levels. Overweight can also be measured using the BMI which is a ratio of the Body Mass in Kilograms and Height in meters squared. It estimated that nearly a quarter of the global population is obese (WHO 2015) and the numbers are steadily rising. The association between total cholesterol and weight could be amplified by gender or location. Research Question The main objective of this inquiry is to explore the relationship between total cholesterol and Weight and it will attempt to inquire whether they are statistically related. The research question would therefore be; does Weight influence total cholesterol in the adult population of Louisa and Buckingham? Does it significantly differ between gender groups of male and female? Annotated bibliography: Chang, A. K., & Choi, J. Y. (2015). Factors influencing BMI classifications of Korean adults. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 27(5), 1565-1570. This is one of the high quality article that clearly comes up to associate total cholesterol level with obesity and the overall Body Mass Index. The article is based on data from the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A large sample survey of 3,800 households across 192 survey districts in Korea. The article informs variations of BMI with gender from the participants which is important to give an insight on the gender difference of BMI and thus total cholesterol levels for this inquiry. The authors presented different comparison of the effects of various categorized demographic characteristics on BMI. Baig, M., Gazzaz, Z. J., Gari, M. A., Al-Attallah, H. G., Al-Jedaani, K. S., Mesawa, A. T., & Al-Hazmi, A. A. (2015). Prevalence of obesity and hypertension among University students’ and their knowledge and attitude towards risk factors of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 31(4), 816. This article discusses the risk factors of CVDs and mainly the prevalence of obesity and hypertension. It also extends to knowledge and attitude of the survey participants towards the risk factors of CVD. The most important feature of this article is that it investigated prevalence of obesity and hypertension among young adults in the university. It obtained blood samples and BMI measurements from a sample of 610 male students. The authors reported a significant number of students overweight and obese although with low proportions having hypertension. This article provides background information and supporting statistics to link risk factors of CVDs to obesity. Wu YK, Chu NF, Huang YH, Syu JT, Chang JB (2015). BMI, body fat mass and plasma leptin level in relation to cardiovascular diseases risk factors among adolescents in Taitung. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015 Sep 10. pii: S1871-403X(15)00123-4. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.08.009 The authors of this article attempted to investigate the risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases. They related this risk factors mainly to BMI of the adolescents they sampled in to their cross-sectional Taitung Children Heart Study. The authors further employed interesting statistical methods in the form of regression models to associate the risk factors of CVDs especially total cholesterol to BMI among others. The BMI association with cholesterol level was varying by gender. It was positive in girls than in boys. The statistical methods used by the authors is sought to be employed in this inquiry. Badran, M., & Laher, I. (2011). Obesity in Arabic-speaking countries. Journal of Obesity, 2011. The authors describe the prevalence of obesity in the Arab speaking countries and especially the oil rich countries in the Middle East. The collected and reviewed research reports and articles on obesity and its associated factors in the Arab countries. The authors concluded that physical inactivity and poor diets contributes to increased prevalence of obesity and high risk of heart diseases. The article is rich in expounding obesity in Arab countries and due to different climatic conditions it may not be useful for comparing risk factor of physical inactivity globally. The Assignment: (2–3 pages) • Provide a summary of other studies that directly relate to your identified topic. Be sure to refer back to the sources used for your annotated bibliography in week 4. • Considering the feedback you received on your week 4 assignment, restate your “Statement of the Problem” (or research question). • Identify both your null and alternative/research hypothesis. • Provide a brief description of the significance of why this issue is important for examination Writing Quality - 8 Content Completeness/Relevance - 11 Critical Thinking - 11 Subtotal - 30 Timeliness Points deducted - Total - 30 Comments: Jennifer, BMI can't be an independent variable. It has to be the dependent variable. Also, logistic regression requires the dependent variable be dichotomous. I don't see what that is. Please go back and review the appropriate conditions for a logistic regression analysis. Total cholesterol has been reported to be associated with weight among both children and adults with low exercise in several studies. Although age has been widely reported to increase with age, In one study, Chang and Choi (2015) reported that total cholesterol level also increased among the overweight and obese Koreans. This was in comparison with data from those with healthy weight. Additionally, data from initial surveys of WHO MONICA Project supported claims by Chang and Choi (2015). Gostynski et al (2004) concluded from the data that total cholesterol positively associated with BMI. This relationship was weaker when modified with gender and also became weaker with higher age groups. Also elsewhere in Arab countries, where physical activity is low, research reviews have reported high prevalence of obesity. Obesity is a symptom of high BMI and reported as a major risk of developing CVD involving high blood cholesterol. Although, there is a broad unanimity that increasing cholesterol levels associate with rise in BMI, some studies have failed to detect this important revelation. Their relationship is worsened by gender differences. The case in point is reported by Brown et al (2000) in its study of Body mass index and the prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia. There has not been enough research articles that clearly examined the relationship between total cholesterol and BMI with critical evaluation of the possible role of gender to either strengthen or weaken that relationship. Research Question Does BMI influence total cholesterol in the adult population of Louisa and Buckingham? Does it significantly differ between gender groups of male and female? Research hypotheses This inquiry predicts that there will be no relationship between total cholesterol and BMI and that they will be no difference between the two gender groups. Alternatively data may have to prove that there is a significant relationship which is different between male and female. Significance of this inquiry Total cholesterol is one of key risk factors of Coronary Heart Diseases (CHD among physical inactivity, smoking and diabetes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 global status report, CHDs were contributing to the most deaths globally. It reported that 17.3 million people died as a results of the risk factors associated with CVDs, high cholesterol levels included. Total cholesterol also referred to as blood cholesterol are fatty substances in the blood that forms up in the artery walls of a living individual. High cholesterol levels in the bloods boosts up the chances of suffering a heart disease or a CVD. According Luckhaupt et al (2014) Working Adults in the US who are severely obese have poor quality of life and this possess increased mortality risk. Obesity is a life-threatening condition. The World Health organization also reported a string of diseases associated with obesity. This include stroke, diabetes, chronic back pain, hypertension among others. This increases a high health burden on the meagre financial resources. The treatment cost of diseases associated to high BMI or obesity is steadily growing and may account to more than half of the health costs. It must be noted that obesity causes emotional, physical and financial burden that reduces the quality of life of an individual. Therefore maintaining normal BMI is important in having a better quality of life and reduce on health related coast associated to it. References; Ae Kyung Chang & , Jin yi Choi (2015). Factors influencing BMI classifications of Korean adults. J. Phys. Ther. Sci.27: 1565–1570, 2015. Baig M, Gazzaz ZJ, Gari MA, Al-Attallah HG, Al-Jedaani KS, Mesawa ATA, et al. Prevalence of obesity and hypertension among University students’ and their knowledge and attitude towards risk factors of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Pak J Med Sci 2015;31(4):816-820. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.314.7953 Brown C, Higgins M, Donato K, Rohde F, Garrison R, Obarzanek E, Ernst N, Horan M. Body mass index and the prevalence hypertension and dyslipidemia. Obes Res 2000; 8: 605–619. Luckhaupt SE, Cohen MA, LiJ, et al.: Prevalence of obesity among U.S. workers and association with occupational factors. AmJ Prev Med,2014, 46: 237–248. Mohammad Badran and Ismail Laher (2012). Obesity in Arabic-Speaking Countries. Journal of Obesity Volume 2011, Article ID 686430. Wu YK, Chu NF, Huang YH, Syu JT, Chang JB (2015). BMI, body fat mass and plasma leptin level in relation to cardiovascular diseases risk factors among adolescents in Taitung. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015 Sep 10. pii: S1871-403X(15)00123-4. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.08.009